Do Grading Gray Stimuli Help to Encode Letter Position?

Numerous experiments in the past decades recurrently showed that a transposed-letter pseudoword (e.g., JUGDE) is much more wordlike than replacement-letter control JUPTE). Critically, there an ongoing debate as to whether this effect arises at perceptual level uncertainty assigning letter position of array visual objects) or abstract language-specific via “open bigrams” between and word levels). Here, we designed experiment test limits accounts coding. The stimuli lexical decision task were presented either with homogeneous intensity graded gray intensity, which indicated unambiguous order. pseudowords replaced-letter jugde vs. jupte). results longer response times substantially errors pseudowords, regardless format. These findings favor idea orthographic element factors play essential role when encoding during recognition.